Except where otherwise noted, all images that appear in Wonders of the Sea Volume Three: Hidden Treasures of California’s Far North Coast are by Marc Shargel.
© Marc Shargel / LivingSeaimages.com
On the Cover: Brown sea nettles, Chrysaora fuscescens. Nose Rock, near Elk.
Insets on cover, at left, from top to bottom: Female kelp greenling, Hexagrammos decagrammus, Laguna Point, near Fort Bragg. Fish-eating anemone, Urticina piscivora, Nose Rock, near Elk. Juvenile wolf eel, Anarrhichthys ocellatus, Trinidad Bay (thanks to Rich Alvarez for finding it). Rock scallop, Crassadoma gigantea, with anemone, Metridium senile, and nudibranch, Flabellina trilineata, Reading Rock.
Back cover: California sea lions, Zalophus californianus, on a wash rock just outside of Trinidad Bay.
Inset: The author with a brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, Trinidad Bay, Photo by Rich Alvarez.
Back flap: The author on a deep dive in Point Lobos State Marine Reserve with a rebreather and redundant scuba units. © Alan Studley / adventure@interx.net
Page 3: Behind the Table of Contents, giant green anemone, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Trinidad head.
Page 4: Reef scene featuring a sun star, Solaster stimpsoni, Nose Rock, near Elk.
Page 5: Clown nudibranch, Triopha catalinae, and brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa. Trinidad Bay.
Page 6: Nudibranch, Hermissenda crassicornis, laying eggs, Shelter Cove.
Page 7: View toward Agate Beach from Wedding Rock, Patrick’s Point State Park.
Page 8: Ochre stars, Pisaster ochraceus, and barnacles, Balanus sp., North jetty, mouth of Humboldt Bay.
Page 10: Orca whale, Orcinus orca, off Fort Bragg,
© Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 11: Saint George Reef lighthouse, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 12: Upper left, black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, Beaver Point, Mendocino County. Upper right, fish-eating anemone Urticina piscivora, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg. Lower left, gopher rockfish, Sebastes camatus, Beaver Point. Lower right, strawberry anemones, Corynactis californica, Shelter Cove.
Page 13: Red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Prisoner Rock, Trinidad Bay.
Page 14: Gray whale eye, Eschrichtius robustus, San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico,
© Michael S. Nolan / SeaPics.com. (These are the same gray whales that migrate and spend sum-mers along the north coast and winter in Baja.)
Page 15: Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, off Fort Bragg, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 16: Pelagic cormorants, Phalacrocorax pelagicus, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 17: Rocky reef scene featuring plume anemones, Metridium giganteum, strawberry anemones, Corynactis californica, on acorn barnacles, Balanus nubilis, and two yellow tunicates, Shelter Cove.
Page 18: Chinook or king salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Rogue River, Oregon,
© Mark Conlin / SeaPics.com
Page 19: Above, moon jelly, Aurelia labiata, Elk (Mendocino Co.). Below, “young of the year” rockfish including widow rockfish, Sebastes entomelas, Shelter Cove.
Page 20: Tube worms, Serpula vermicularis, Trinidad Bay.
Page 21: Tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata, SE Farallon Island, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 22: Rafting sea lions, probably a mix of California sea lions Zalophus californianus, and Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, Reading Rock.
Page 23: Family boogie boarding at Trinidad State Beach.
Page 24: Quillback rockfish, Sebastes maliger, San Juan Islands, WA.
Page 25: Spotted rose anemone, Urticina lofotensis, close up of the mouth, possibly after disgorging the remains of a meal, Laguna Point, Mendocino County.
Page 26: Mist over Freshwater Lagoon, Humboldt Lagoons State Park, © Art Barab
Page 27: A family outing near Sharp Point, on the beach near Dry Lagoon, Humboldt Lagoons State Park.
Page 28: Above, smooth velvet snails, Velutina prolongata, Laguna Point, north of Noyo Harbor. Below, a smooth velvet snail with gammarid amphipod, Parapleustes oculatus, Trinidad Bay. Thanks to Gary McDonald of UCSC and Tony Chess for help identifying these rarities.
Page 29: Scenic view of Trinidad Bay with Trinidad Head enshrouded in fog, viewed from the Trinidad Memorial Lighthouse.
Page 30: Juvenile wolf eel, Anarrhichthys ocellatus, Trinidad Bay (with thanks to Rich Alvarez).
Page 31: Late afternoon at Clam Beach, to the left of Trinidad Head, in the distance, are Pilot Rock and Flatiron Rock.
Page 32: Above, sunset on Clam Beach. Below, a pair of decorator crabs on an ochre star, Pisaster ochraceus, Nursery Rock, Shelter Cove.
Page 33: A harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, hauled out on an algae covered rock, Little River Headlands,
© Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 34: A bat ray, Myliobatis californica, the same species known to inhabit the north coast including its estuaries. This one was photographed in the clearer water of San Clemente Island.
Page 35: Eelgrass, Zostera marina, Humboldt Bay.
Page 36: Contemporary Yurok ceremonial regalia created by Bonnie Clayton in 1985, Trinidad Museum. Humboldt Bay lies within the traditional lands of the Wiyot people. Their regalia is similar to those made by the Yurok.
Page 37: A thick flock of dunlin, Calidris alpina, on Arcata Marsh in Humboldt Bay, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 38: Looking across the northern part of Humboldt Bay from Arcata Marsh, © Art Barab
Page 39: Left, a family discovers some of the life in Humboldt Bay. Right, an eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis, afloat on Trinidad Bay.
Page 40: Aerial view of southern Humboldt Bay, at left center is the Bayshore Mall, beyond that are the towns of King Salmon and Field’s Landing. Thanks to Dr. Tom Johansen for enabling us to get this view.
Page 41: Kayaking past a pair of California sea lion bulls, Zalophus californianus, Woodley Island Marina, Humboldt Bay.
Page 42: Aerial view of Cape Mendocino, looking northward. Thanks to Dr. Tom Johansen.
Page 43: Breaking wave, Little River Headlands,
© Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com
Page 44: Spider crab, Loxorhyncus crispatus, puffball anemones, Metridium senile, and acorn barnacle, Balanus nubilis, Pilot Rock.
Page 45: Hermit crab, Pagurus sp., in the shell of a red turban snail, Lithopoma gibberosum, on sun star, Solaster stimpsoni, Beaver Point.
Page 46: White-lined nudibranch, Dirona albolineata, and orange tunicate, Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis, Trinidad Bay.
Page 47: Brandt’s cormorants, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, roosting at Point Cabrillo.
Page 48: An opalescent nudibranch, Hermissenda crassicornis, moving over encrusting red algae and tiny barnacles, Trinidad Bay.
Page 49: Left, a huge “orange peel” nudibranch, Tochuina tetraquetra, Shelter Cove. Right, quillback rockfish, a species seen in Mendocino County, and northward, Sebastes maliger, Bell Island, WA.
Page 50: “Kaluna Cliff Sunset Over The Cloud Ocean,” Douglas firs one mile north of Shelter Cove.
© PGar / http://pgars-local-color.blogspot.com
Page 51: Above, an endangered snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus, feeding on a sand flea, Emerita talpoida, Ten Mile Beach, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com. Below, scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni, in giant-spined sea star, Pisaster giganteus, Nursery Rock, Shelter Cove.
Page 52: Giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, Hood Canal, Washington state, © Scott Boyd / www.boydski.com
Page 53: Young of the year rockfish of several species including widow rockfish, Sebastes entomelas, in a canyon lined with giant plume anemones, Metridium giganteum, Shelter Cove.
Page 54: Left, young-of-the-year widow rockfish Sebastes entomelas. Right, diving common murre, Uria aalge, both from Shelter Cove, photographed minutes apart.
Page 55: A couple enjoying the sunset at Shelter Cove.
Page 56: Blue rockfish, Sebastes mystinus, with plume anemones, Metridium giganteum, and red urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, near Elk, Mendocino Co.
Page 57: Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, Beaver Point.
Page 58: Canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg.
Page 59: Looking out to sea under the arch of the Highway 1 bridge from the beach at Russian Gulch State Park.
Page 60: Historic Point Cabrillo lighthouse and a group of Brandt’s cormorants, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, roosting on an offshore rock.
Page 61: Northern or pinto abalone, Haliotis kamtschatkana, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg.
Page 62: Kayakers at Noyo Harbor.
Page 63: Above, Charlie Lorenz of Mendocino Abalone Watch pointing to some a risky behavior. This is a montage of two photographs taken three minutes apart, Mendocino Headland. Below, fifteen red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, appear in the un-cropped original of this 1966 photograph from Mendocino Headland. © Tony Chess.
Page Page 64: A rock scallop, Crassadoma gigantea, behind the tentacles of a spotted rose anemone, Urticina lofotensis, Trinidad Head.
Page Page 65: Above left, three-lined nudibranch, Flabellina trilineata, eating a hydroid, Trinidad Bay. Below left, Nanaimo nudibranch, Acanthodoris nanaiamoensis, dwarfs a tiny hermit crab, Pagurus sp, Pilot Rock, outside Trinidad Bay. Above right, California sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus, scavenges along seafloor, Point Cabrillo. Lower right, close-up of a sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Trinidad Head.
Page 66: Three lined nudibranch, Flabellina trilineata, approaches skeleton shrimp, Caprella kennerlyi, Trinidad Bay.
Page 67: Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus, Beaver Point.
Page 68: Reef scene featuring a very red Stimpson’s sun star, Solaster stimpsoni, Point Cabrillo.
Page 69: Above, great white shark, Charcharodon carcharias, Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Great whites travel enormous distances and are present in Northern California. Below, Puget Sound king crab, Lopholithodes mandtii, Point Cabrillo.
Page 70: Three ochre stars, Pisaster ochraceus, and a red urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, feeding, with a school of blue rockfish, Sebastes mystinus, in the background, Point Cabrillo.
Page 71: Above left, pygmy rock crab, Cancer oregonensis, in a tunicate-covered hole, Shelter Cove. Below left, vermilion rockfish, Sebastes miniatus, Laguna Point, north of Noyo Harbor. Above right, female kelp greenling, Hexagrammos decagrammus, Laguna Point. Below right, red urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, sea star, Pisaster giganteus, on a large patch of yellow sponge, Leucetta losangelensis, near Elk.
Page 72: Pacific sea nettle, Chrysaora fuscescens, near Elk.
Page 73: A fish eating anemone with red lips, Urticina piscivora, near Elk.
Page 74: Alice Spott, member of a well-known Yurok family and Harry Roberts, the son of photographer and writer Ruth, with salmon near the Klamath River, about 1917. Photo by Mrs. Ruth K. Roberts, courtesy of the Humboldt State University Library Roberts Collection.
Page 75: Above, salmon fishing on the Klamath River, no date. Below, salmon on the way into a cannery on the Klamath River, circa 1928. Both courtesy of the Humboldt State University Library HCC photo collection.
Page 76: Charlie Li Foo (right) and an unknown man with a huge load of ling cod caught at Cuffey’s Cove, near Elk. Photo courtesy the Mendocino County Historical Society.
Page 77: Above, clamming at Clam Beach, probably 1967, Photo courtesy Humboldt State University Library HCC photo collection. Below, Tony Chess in 1956 with a catch of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, at Shelter Cove. Photo courtesy of Tony Chess.
Page 78: Above, smelt drying by the ocean at Smith River reservation, the fish camp of Amelia Brown, June 1962. Photo by Mrs. Ruth K. Roberts, courtesy of the Humboldt State University Library Roberts Collection. Below, Maggie Pilgrim with surf fish at Luffenholtz Beach, 1951 Photographed by Thelma Moore, courtesy of the Humboldt State University Library Boyle Collection.
Page 79: Above, humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, at Trinidad whaling station in 1920s, photo Courtesy of the Clarke Historical Museum, Eureka. Below, flensing a “sulphur bottom” or blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, Trinidad, 1924, photo courtesy Humboldt State University Library Boyle Collection.
Page 80: Top left, red rock crab, Cancer productus, Laguna Point. Middle left, ochre stars, Pisaster ochraceus, near Elk. Lower left, sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Shelter Cove.
Top right, China rockfish, Sebastes nebulosus, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg. Middle right, powder puff anemones, Metridium giganteum, with bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, Point Cabrillo. Lower right, brown pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis, Jack Peters Creek, Mendocino,
© Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com.
Page 82: Left, piddock clam of the family Pholatidae, burrowed into the bottom of Humboldt Bay. Right, sea pen, Ptilosarcus gurneyi, photo courtesy of Tony Chess.
Page 83: Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, Shelter Cove.
Page 84: Above, China rockfish, Sebastes nebulosus, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg. Below, low tide at Van Damme State Park.
Page 85: Stimpson’s sun star, Solaster stimpsoni, on a rocky reef a school of blue rockfish, Sebastes mystinus, in the background, Point Cabrillo.
Page 86: Ochre stars, Pisaster ochraceus, among the holdfasts of bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, near Elk.
Page 87: Above, bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, on the surface, Van Damme State Park, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com. Below, sea palm kelp, Postelsia palmaeformis, Palmer’s Point, Patrick’s Point State Park, © Courtnay Janiak.
Page 88: Above left, white-lined nudibranch, Dirona albolineata, and acorn barnacle, Balanus nubilis, Shelter Cove. Below left, young sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Shelter Cove. Right, Cockerell’s nudibranch, Limacia cockerelli (formerly Laila cockerelli), Beaver Point.
Page 89: Plume anemones, Metridium giganteum, growing on the side of a pinnacle with bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, on top, Point Cabrillo.
Page 90: Crinoids also known as feather stars, Fluorometra seratissima, and spot prawns, Pandalus platyceros, found 1,040 feet deep off Big Sur. Courtesy of the Institute for Applied Marine Ecology, The Nature Conservancy, and Marine Applied Research and Exploration.
Page 91: Sunflower star, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Shelter Cove.
Page 92: Brown pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis, Jack Peters Creek, Mendocino, © Ron LeValley / LeValleyPhoto.com.
Page 93: Giant skeleton shrimp, Caprella sp, clings to blade of eelgrass, Zostera marina, Humboldt Bay, near Field’s Landing.
Page 94: College Cove, north of Trinidad, in the late afternoon.
Page 95: Brown sea nettle, Chrysaora fuscescens, photographed from below on a very calm day, near Elk.
Page 96-97: Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, floating on the surface, Mendocino Bay.
Page 98-99: Wind-rippled sand, Clam Beach.
Page 100-101: Red urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Beaver Point, near Fort Bragg.
Page 102-103: White puffball anemones, Metridium senile, Pilot Rock, outside Trinidad Bay.
Page 104: Spotted rose anemone, Urticina lofotensis, close up of the mouth, possibly after disgorging the remains of a meal, Laguna Point, Mendocino County.

 

1 Farrior, Michael. History of the Catalina Island Tuna Club. n.d. (accessed June 15, 2009).

2 Sum of the population of five Southern California coastal counties, based on US Census estimates as of 2008. Santa Barbara, Ventura, LA, Orange and San Diego. (accessed May 23, 2010).
3 Ibid. Sum of the population of the three named counties, based the same estimates.
4 Jacques, D.L. 2007. Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge Information Synthesis. Unpublished Report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge. 65.
5 Golightly, Richard, PhD. Professor and former-chair of Department of Wildlife, Humboldt State University. n.d. (accessed May 20, 2010).
6 US Fish & Wildlife Service. Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Feb. 7, 2009. (accessed May 23, 2010).
7 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 14.
8 Moore, Thomas O. 2001. California’s Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. DFG. 444. (accessed May 23, 2010); Ron LeValley informs us (email June 14, 2010) that cooler water in the early 2000s enabled a modest clam recovery.
9 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 14.
10 California Marine Life Protection Act Initiative Regional Profile of the North Coast Study Region (California-Oregon Border to Alder Creek), Appendix E. 288. April 19. (accessed July 1, 2010). The Tolowa Nation has, since 1983, been working for federal recognition as a soverign entity. It is separate from the Smith River Rancheria of the Tolowa Dee-ni‘ Tribe.

11 House, Freeman. 1999. Totem Salmon: Life Lessons from Another Species. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 10, 78, 123; Most, Stephen. 2006. River of Renewal. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press; Most, Stephen. 2007. Salmon people: crisis and continuity at the mouth of the Klamath. California History 84(3). (accessed May 30, 2010).
12 House, Freeman. 1999. 110.
13 Kroeber, Alfred. 1976. Yurok Myths. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
14 Belchik, Michael, Dave Hillemeier and Ronnie M. Pierce. 2004. The Klamath River Fish Kill of 2002: Analysis of Contributing Factors, Final Report. Yurok Tribal Fisheries Program: 1. (accessed June 7, 2010).
15 Cole, Michelle and Andy Dworkin. 2002. Die-off Could Affect Klamath River for Years. The Oregonia. September 27. (accessed June 1, 2010).
16 Cech, Joseph J. Jr. and David W. Kohlhorst. 2001. Status Report. 465-9. (accessed April 21, 2010).
17 California State Parks. Prarie Creek Redwood State Park. 2009. (accessed June 20, 2010); Redwood National Park. Park Overview. October 13, 2006. (accessed June 20, 2010).
18 Bourne, Joel and Michael Nichols. 2009. The Tallest Trees. National Geographic. October. 28-63.
19 Audubon Science. Tufted Puffin. 2008. (accesed July 1, 2010).
20 Description based on dives by the author and companions on May 8, 2010. For additional images go to www.LivingSeaimages.com and search for “Reading Rock” under “Location.”

21 California Natural Resources Agency. California’s Coastal Wetlands. n.d. (accessed June 27, 2009).
22 Website of Andrew P. Kinziger, Ph.D. Department of Fisheries Biology. Humboldt State University. n.d. (accessed June 22, 2010).
23 DFG. 2010. California MLPA North Coast Study Region, Round 2: Description of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Ruby Draft MPA Proposal 1. 6. (accessed June 20, 2010).
24 Harris, Jay. 2010. Phone Conversation with Emily Wilson. June 9.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Wilson, Emily. 2010. Humboldt State University Marine Biology Master Candidate. Interviews and reports from local divers.
28 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 14.
29 Ibid.
30 Reef Check. Homepage. 2007. (accessed June 20, 2010).
31 DeMartini, John. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic recording. May 6. Humboldt State University campus. He recounted taking clams from bottom samples 50 feet deep off Samoa (Humboldt Bay) but Samoa Beach has never been clam habitat.
32 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. May. He identified study sites adjacent to dunes that appear in the photo on page 31.
33 Marine Sportfish Identification. Rays. n.d. (accessed June 11, 2010).

34 Gotshall, D.W., G.H. Allen, and R.A. Barnhart. 1980. An Annotated Checklist of Fishes from Humboldt Bay, California. DFG. 66(4) : 220-32.
35 Ibid.
36 Friends of the Arcata Marsh. Homepage. n.d. (accessed June 10, 2010).
37 City of Arcata Homepage. Wildlife Sanctuary. 2010. (accessed May 25, 2010).
38 DFG. 2010. Regional Profile of the North Coast. 18.
39 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email, June 14.
40 DFG. 2010. Regional Profile of the North Coast. 39.
41 NOAA Fisheries. Green Sturgeon. n.d. (accessed May 25, 2010).
42 NOAA Fisheries. Report on Eureka. n.d. (accessed May 25, 2010).
43 California’s Redwood Coast. Indian Island. 2008. (accessed June 9, 2010).
44 Wiyot Tribe. Cultural. 2010. (accessed May 21, 2010).
45 Crawford, G., A. Eicher, A. Hohl, D. Mierau, B. Price-Hall and S. Schlosser. 2009. Humboldt Bay Initiative: Adaptive Management in a Changing World. (accessed May 21, 2010).
46 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Profile Chinook salmon. June 24, 2010. (accessed June 24, 2010).
47 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Profile coho salmon. June 24, 2010. (accessed June 24, 2010).
48 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Species Profile steelhead. June 24, 2010. (accessed June 24, 2010).
49 Wiyot Tribe. Homepage. 2010. (accessed May 21, 2010).
50 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 7.
51 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 14.
52 Emmett, R. L., S. A. Hinton, M. E. Monaco and S. L. Stone. 1991. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in West Coast Estuaries, Volume II: Species Life History Summaries. ELMR Rep. No. 8. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division. Rockville MD. 329; Browning, B.M., P.R. Kelly, D. Lee, P.L. McLaughlin, G.M. Monroe, J.W. Speth and R.W. Warner. 1976. Natural Resources of the Coastal Wetlands of Humboldt and Del Norte Counties (Draft). DFG. Sacramento, CA: 176. (accessed May 20, 2010).

53 The claim is debatable, but see: Wilderness.net. King Range Wilderness. n.d. (accessed June 7, 2010); United States Senator Diane Feinstein. Senators Boxer and Feinstein Team up with Rep. Thompson on Northern California Coastal Wilderness Bill. March 3, 2004. (accessed June 7, 2010).
54 Huyer, A., P.M. Kosro, P.T. Strub and CTZ Collaborators. 1991. The Nature of the Cold Filaments in the California Current System. Journal of Geophysical Research 96: 14743-14768; United States Geological Survey and David Oppenheimer. Mendocino Triple Junction Offshore Northern California. December 18, 2007. (accessed May 21, 2010).
55 Pitcher, Kenneth W., Peter F. Olesiuk, Robin F. Brown, Mark S. Lowry, Steven J. Jeffries, Steven J.Sease. 2007. Abundance and Distribution of the Eastern North Pacific Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) Population. Fishery Bulletin January. ; Sowls, A.L., A.R. DeGange, J.W. Nelson and G. S. Lester. 1980. Catalog of California Seabird Colonies. US Fish and Wildlife Service. 90. (both accessed July 5, 2010).
56 Wilderness.net. King Range Wilderness. n.d. (accessed May 21, 2010); California Native Grass Association. 2008. Restoring the Grasslands of Northern California’s Coastal Dunes. Grasslands 18(1): 4-5. (accessed May 27, 2010).
57 Google Earth. Marine Bathymetry Layer. (accessed May 20, 2010).

58 Albin, Douglas, Konstantin Karpov and Mary Patyten. 1998. Punta Gorda Ecological Reserve: Researching a Hostile Environment. Kelp Forest. 6; Noyo Harbor Office: Department of Fish and Game. (accessed June 2, 2010).
59 Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO). Rocky Shore Monitoring. July 15, 2009. (accessed June 2, 2010); Coastal Biodiversity Survey (SWAT). Cape Mendocino. n.d. (accessed June 2, 2010); Results of the survey referenced published in: Blanchette, Carol A., Et al. 2008. Biogeographical Patterns of Rocky Intertidal Communities along the Pacific Coast of North America. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1593-1607.
60 DeMartini, John. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. May 6; Gotshall, Dan. 2010. Telephone conversation with Marc Shargel. March. Both conducted research dives at Gorda Rock in the 1970s and 1980s.
61 Schmieder, Robert W. 1991. Ecology of an Underwater Island. Cordell Expeditions.
62 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Deep Reef. n.d. (accessed June 7, 2010).
63 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Navigational Chart 18020, Cape Mendocino to San Diego. n.d. (accessed May 27, 2010); Google Earth. Marine Bathymetry Layer. (accessed May 27, 2010).
64 Observed and photographed by the author during dives in July of 2008.
65 Williams, Erik H., Alec D. MacCall, Stephen V. Ralston and Donald E. Pearson. 2000. Status of the Widow Rockfish Resource in Y2K. Status of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery through 2000: Recommended Acceptable Biological Catches for 2001: Stock Assenssment and Fishery Evaluation. Portland, OR: Pacific Fishery Management Council. July: 88. (accessed June 20, 2010).
66 Gotshall, Daniel W. 2008. Phone conversation. September. Identified as Tochuina tetraquetra.

67 DeMartini, John. Interviewed. May 6. Also observed by author while diving.
68 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email, June 14.
69 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 7.
70 Adams, Peter B. and Erik H. Williams 2001. Canary Rockfish. California’s Marine Living Resources: A Status Report. DFG. 175. (accessed April 21, 2010).
71 Ibid. 176. In 2001 this source estimated recovery in 2017 for Canary and 2074 for Yelloweye, about the most optimistic dates we’ve seen; Bacher, Dan. Anglers Win Historic Victory In Defeating Proposed Rockfish Cuts. The Fish Sniffer Online. November 10, 2000. (accessed April 30, 2010). This source quoted estimates of 45-120 years for Canaries, the faster growing of the two species.
72 Boydstun, L.B., Melodie Palmer-Zwahlen and Dan Viele. 2001. Pacific Salmon. Status Report. 407-417. (accessed April 21, 2010).
73 Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2010. Historical Ocean Salmon Fishery Regulations and Chronology of Events. (accessed June 20, 2010).
74 Semuels, Alana. 2009. For Salmon Fishing Port, the Future is as Murky as its Waters. Los Angeles Times. December 1, Business Section. (accessed June 7, 2010).
75 Lorenz, Charlie, 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 21. Mendocino.
76 Liquid Fusion Kayaking. Fort Bragg and Mendocino Kayak Adventures. 2009. (accessed June 23, 2010).
77 McArdle, Deborah A., ed. 1997. California Marine Protected Areas. La Jolla, CA: California Sea Grant College System, University of California Santa Barbara. 34.
78 Kalvass, Pete and Jerry Kashiwada, DFG biologists. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 21. Noyo Harbor, CA.
79 ShoreDiving.com. Mendocino Bay. 2010. (accessed May 24, 2010).
80 Lemos, Bill. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 22. Mendocino, CA. Life-long Mendocino resident and volunteer stream monitor.
81 DFG. News Release. March 28, 2006. (accessed May 28, 2010).
82 Kalvass, Pete and Jerry Kashiwada. 2010.
83 Ibid. Falling density of abalone populations at sites monitored by DFG is causing consideration of a further reduction of the daily bag limit from three down to two. See the Looking Back section for additional information.
84 Reed, Tony. 2010. Ab Watch Leads to Rescue. Mendocino Beacon, April 8.

85 Alvarez, Richard. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 22. Arcata, CA.
86 See Kayak Mendocino. They’ve been in business offering these tours for over 10 years.
87 California State Parks. Van Damme State Park. 2009. (accessed May 25, 2010).
88 DFG. 2010. Map Sheet No. 22. Habitat and Species Atlas, 3rd ed. 23. (accessed April 20, 2010); NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Regional Office. Recovery of Salmon & Steelhead in California and Southern Oregon. May 11, 2010. (accessed June 29, 2010).
89 All observed by the author in the course of three days of diving in the area.
90 California State Parks. Nararro River State Park. 2009. (accessed May 25, 2010).
91 Florida Museum of Natural History. Bluntnose Sixgill Shark. n.d. ; Marinebio. 2010. (accessed July 1, 2010).
92 Russo, Ron. 2001. Peering into Muddy Waters: The Sharks of San Francisco Bay. BayNature Apr-June. ; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 1999. Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge Watchable Wildlife. (both accessed July 1, 2010).
93 Lea, Robert N., Robert D. McAllister and David A. VenTresca. 1999. Fish Bulletin 177. DFG: 39. (accessed June 29, 2010).

94 House, Freeman. 1999. Totem Salmon. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 11; House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. Two Peoples, One Place. Eureka, CA: Humboldt County Historical Society. 162; Most, Stephen. 2007. Salmon People: Crisis and Continuity at the Mouth of the Klamath. California History 84(3): 3. (accessed May 30, 2010).
95 Roberts, Ruth. 1979. In Memory. Del Norte County Historical Society Bulletin. January 15. 3-5. (accessed April 21, 2010); House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 14.
96 House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 87-8; Ruth K. Roberts gives a vividly detailed account from a Yurok perspective. Roberts, Ruth K. 1934. Rekwoi. Pacific Sportsman 14(8): 3-4, 31-32. (accessed April 26, 2010); Most, Steven. 2007. 2.
97 House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 23, 69, 151.
98 Palumbi, Stephen R. 2000. Chapter 19: Ecology of Marine Protected Areas. In Marine Community Ecology. ed. Mark D. Bertness, Steven D. Gaines and Mark E. Hay. Sinauer Associates. 514. (accessed June 2, 2010).
99 Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans. 2007. Science of Marine Reserves, 2nd ed. 4-5. (accessed June 7, 2010); McClanahan, Timothy. 2010. Effects of Fishery Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef. Conservation Biology 24(4): 1. (accessed May 27, 2010); Worm, Boris, Ray Hilborn, Julia K. Baum, Trevor A. Branch, Jeremy S. Collie, Christopher Costello, Michael J. Fogarty, Elizabeth A. Fulton and et al. 2009. Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science 325 (5940): 578-585.
100 Coy, Owen C. 1920. The Humboldt Bay Region 1850-75. Los Angeles. 135. In Krauter, Karen. 1968. Commercial Fishing in Humboldt Bay. MA Thesis, Humboldt State University Library.
101 Rohde, Jerry. The Geographical History of Humboldt County, Volume 1. In press.
102 Scofield, W.L. 1954. California Fishing Ports. Fish Bulletin No. 96. State of DFG: 27. (accessed May 12, 2010).
103 Roberts, Ruth K. 1934. 3-4, 31-32.
104 Scofield, W.L. 1954. 29.
105 Ibid. 29; Lufkin, Alan, ed. 1990. California’s Salmon and Steelhead: The Struggle to Restore an Imperiled Resource. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 42-3. (accessed April 10, 2010). “In 1886, John Baumhoff, owner of a saltery also on Hunter Creek, signed an agreement with twenty-six male Yuroks who may be considered the founders of the first Indian fisherman’s union. He agreed to… pay Indian workers ten cents for every salmon weighing over ten pounds.” (42-3).
106 The report on the harm done to the river fishery by mining is included in: U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of the Solicitor. 1993. Memorandum Opinion to the Secretary on the Fishing Rights of the Yurok. and Hoopa Valley Tribes. M-36979: B5. In Most, Stephen. 2007. Salmon people: crisis and continuity at the mouth of the Klamath. California History 84(3): 3. (accessed May 30, 2010).
107 Humboldt Times, Dec 29, 1893. In Krautter, Karen. 1968. Commercial Fishing in Humboldt Bay. MA Thesis, Humboldt State University.
108 United Press. 1933. Close Klamath to Commercial Fishing Parties. Berkeley Daily Gazette, June 3, 10; Lufkin, Alan, ed. 1991. California’s Salmon and Steelhead: The Struggle to Restore an Imperiled Resource. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 142-3. (accessed May 12, 2010).
109 Physorg. Feds vote to halt Calif. Chinook salmon fishing. April 9, 2009. (accessed April 21, 2010).
110 Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement. A Blueprint for Progress and Sustainability in the Klamath Basin. Jan 7, 2010. (accessed June 7, 2010); DFG. Klamath River Restoration Grant Program. n.d. (accessed June 7, 2010); Hansen, Terri. 2010. Landmark Klamath River Restoration and dam Removal Agreements Signed. Indian Country Today. l (accessed May 21, 2010).
111 Strom-Martin, Virginia and Carol M. Gaubatz. 1998. Economic Decline of North Coast Fisheries: Overview and Strategies for the Future. Select Committee of Rural Economic Development. 7, 9, 12, 29. (accessed June 7, 2010).
112 Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2010. Historical Ocean Salmon Fishery Regulations and Chronology of Events. (accessed June 20, 2010); Petersen, Bob. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 20. Fort Bragg.
113 Humboldt Times. 1856. May 10 and August 23. In House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 151.
114 Humboldt Times. 1856. June 7. In House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 150.
115 Humboldt Times. 1856. June 27. In House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 151.
116 Humboldt Times. 1858. September 4; House, Freeman and Ray Raphael. 2007. 151.
117 Staff of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries. 1949. The Commercial Fish Catch of California for the Year 1947 With an Historical Review 1916–1947. Fish Bulletin No. 74. State of California Fish and Game Commission: 129. (accessed May 2, 2010).
118 Ibid. Table 53. 240. (accessed May 26, 2010).
119 W. L. Scofield. 1957. Marine Fisheries Dates. An unpublished report for the California Dept of Fish and Game, on file at California State Fisheries Lab, Long Beach, CA. In several sources including Krauter, Karen. 1968. Commercial Fishing in Humboldt Bay. MA Thesis, Humboldt State University.
120 DFG. 2001. Status Report. 191. (accessed April 21, 2010).
121 Ibid. 191.
122 Pacific Fishery Management Council. 2004. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) Rebuilding Plan. Pursuant to the Pacific Coast Ground Fishery Management Plan, Adopted June 2003. (accessed May 27, 2010).
123 Jagielo, Thomas J. and Farron R. Wallace. 2005. Assessment of Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) for the Pacific Fishery Management Council in 2005. 8. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. (accessed May 28, 2010); DFG. 2001. Lingcod. Status Report. 191. (accessed May 20, 2010).
124 We use the term “unfished level” after the convention of DFG and the PFMC. We put it in quotes because it represents an estimate based on information from after about 1910, and ignores the thousands of years of native fishing before that time.
125 Jagielo and Wallace. Assessment of Lingcod. 5, 8.
126 Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO). 2007. Science of Marine Reserves.
127 The seven are Yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, cowcod, bocaccio, widow rockfish, Pacific ocean perch and darkblotched rockfish see: DFG. 2007. Yelloweye, Canary, and other Rockfish Species of Concern. n.d. (accessed May 2, 2010).
128 DFG. 2001. Canary Rockfish. Status Report. 175. (accessed April 21, 2010).
129 Ibid. 175.
130 DFG. 2007. Frequently Asked Questions Regarding the Oct 1, 2007 Recreational In-Season Groundfish Closure of the Northern and North-Central Management Areas. California Department of Fish and Game - Marine Region. 3: 2. (accessed April 30, 2010).
131 Becher, Bill. 2002. New Limits Rockfish Catch Anger Sport-Fishermen. The Daily News. (accessed April 30, 2010); Patyten, Mary. 2006. Lingcod, Rockfish Assessments Report Healthier Populations. Marine Management News: March. 8.
132 Adams, Peter B. and Erik H. Williams. 2001. Canary Rockfish. Status Report. DFG: 176. (accessed April 21, 2010). They estimated recovery in 2017 for Canary and 2074 for Yelloweye, about the most optimistic dates we’ve seen; Bacher, Dan. Anglers Win Historic Victory In Defeating Proposed Rockfish Cuts. November 10, 2000. (accessed April 30, 2010). Bacher quoted estimates of 45-120 years for Canaries, the faster growing of the two species.
133 Reilly, Paul. 2001. Black Rockfish. Status Report. DFG: 162. (accessed April 30, 2010).
134 Albin, Douglas P., Konstantin A. Karpov, and Wade H. Van Buskirk. 1995. Fish Bulletin 176: The Marine Recreational Fishery in Northern and Central California, A Historic Comparison (1956-86), Status of Stocks (1980-86), and Effect of Changes in the California Current. 26.
135 Ibid. 26.
136 Father Santa Maria sailed aboard the first non-native vessel know to have entered San Francisco Bay. Santa Maria described large, delicious fish “ornamented all around by six strips of little shells” gifted by natives on the banks of Carquinez Strait. These are believed to have been sturgeon, which natives all along the coast ate. Santa Maria, Vicente. Journal of the first Spanish ship to enter San Francisco Bay. In ed. Paddison, Joshua. 1999. A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. 27-46. (accessed May 2, 2010).
137 Kohlhorst, David. 2001. White Sturgeon. Status Report. DFG: 467. (accessed April 10, 2010).
138 Ibid. 467.
139 Ibid. 467. The fishery reopened from 1909 to 1917 but small catch numbers indicated that sturgeon were still struggling to recover.
140 Moyle, Peter B., Ronald M. Yoshiyama, Jack E. Williams and Eric D. Wikramanayake. 1995. Fish Species of Special Concern in California, 2nd ed. DFG: 31-33. (accessed May 30, 2010); Kohlhorst. 2001. 468.
141 Ibid. 468.
142 Ibid. 467; Lower Columbia Fish Recovery Board. 2004. Green Sturgeon. Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Sub-basin Plan, Draft May 2004. 3 (2): 1-4. (accessed April 30, 2010).
143 The Endangered Species Act Law blog. 74 Federal Regulation 52300, 74(195), Rules and Regulations. October 9, 2009. (accessed June 23, 2010).
144 This is true of both sturgeon species, the green and the white. See Kohlhorst, Status Report, 466-67.
145 “Candle fish” are eulachon or oolichan, Thaleichthys pacificus, so oily that dried fish could be burned like candles. Hay, Douglas E. and Terry D. Beacham. 2005. Stock Identificatuon of eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), an anadromous smelt in the eastern Pacific. Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 3. (accessed June 24, 2010).
146 Bommelyn, Guylish and Pyuwa Bommelyn. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. May 5. Crescent City, CA.
147 Baxter, Randall D., Peter Moyle, and Dale A. Sweetnam. 2001. True Smelts. Status Report. 478. (accessed April 30, 2010); Bommelyn, Loren. 2010. Email correspondence. June 20.
148 NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. Pacific Eulachon/Smelt. (accessed June 29, 2010).
149 Baxter. 2001. 474.
150 Rice, Casimir A. 2006. Effects of Shoreline Modification on a Northern Puget Sound Beach: Microclimate and Embryo Mortality in Surf Smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus). Estuaries and Coasts 29(1): 63–71. (accessed Jun 23, 2010).
151 Baxter. 2001. 474.
152 Ibid.
153 Anderson, M. Kat. 2005. Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 5.
154 Lydon, Sandy. 1997. The Japanese in the Monterey Bay Region: A Brief History. Capitola, CA: Capitola Book Company. 86-8. (accessed June 23, 2010).
155 Lemos, Jack and Alvin Mendosa. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 22. Mendocino, CA.
156 Ibid. The author remembers diving for four abalone a day from 1978 through the 80s and 90s.
157 DFG, Marine Region. 2004. Annual Status of the Fisheries Report through 2003: Report to the Fish and Game Commission as direct by the Marine Life Management Act of 1998. 8: 1-15. (accessed May 2, 2010).
158 Kalvass, Pete, Department of Fish and Game Invert Biologist at Noyo Harbor Office. 2010. Inter-viewed by Marc Shargel. April 21. Noyo Harbor, CA.
159 Kashiwada, Jerry. 2010. Red Abalone and the New North-Central Coast Marine Protected Areas. Marine Management News: DFG newsletter. May. (accessed June 10, 2010).
160 Starks, Edwin. 1923. History of California Shore Whaling. Fish Bulletin No. 6. State of California Fish and Game Commission: 18. (accessed April 24, 2010).
161 Coy, Owen C. 1920. The Humboldt Bay Region 1850-75. Los Angeles. 135. In Krauter, Karen. MA Thesis, Humboldt State University.
162 Swift-Swan, Mary. The Last Whaling Station: A Father’s day Remembrance. n.d. (accessed June 7, 2010). Several sources cite the Field’s Landing whaling station as the “last in California” when it closed in 1951, but another was opened in Richmond, on the San Francisco Bay in 1956. It closed in 1971.
163 The “Whale War” made national headlines. A chronicle by a photographer who lived through the events can be found at: Nicholas Wilson Photographer. The Story of the Mendocino Whale War. September 16, 2006. (accessed April 30, 2010).
164 Marine Life Protection Act. California MLPA Master Plan Science Advisory Team Draft Criteria for List of Species Likely to Benefit from Marine Protected Areas in the MLPA North Coast Study Region. December 14, 2009. (accessed May 2, 2010); LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email. June 14.
165 DFG, Marine Region. 2004. Annual Status of the Fisheries Report through 2003. 6-2. (accessed May 2, 2010).
166 Petersen, Bob. 2010. Interview. April 20.
167 Strom-Martin and Gaubatz. 1998. Economic Decline of North Coast Fisheries. See note 111.
168 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS). 2001. Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Reserves and Marine Protected Area. University of California, Santa Barbara. (accessed June 23, 2010); Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (Compass). 2005. Scientific Consensus Statement on Marine Ecosystem-Based Management. March 21: 5. (accessed June 29, 2010).
169 Heneman, Burr and Michael L. Weber. Guide to The Marine Life Management Act. n.d. (accessed May 2, 2010).
170 DFG. Introduction to the MLPA. n.d. (accessed May 2, 2010).
171 McClanahan. 2010. 1; Worm, Hilborn, et al. 2009. 578-85.
172 Marine Affairs Research and Education. 2005. Assessing Tsunami Damage to Indian Ocean MPAs: Efforts Underway to Find Answers Amid Chaos. MPA News 6(7): 3. (accessed May 27, 2010).

173 Office of Habitat Conservation Habitat Protection Division. Habitat Types: Sandy bottom. n.d. (accessed April 8, 2009, now offline). See Habitat Type and Associated Biological Assemblages
174 Ibid; Thompson, Janet, Kathryn Hieb, Katie McGourty, Natalie Cosentino-Manning, Susan Wainwright-De La Cruz, Meredith Elliot and Sarah Allen. 2007. Habitat Type and Associated Biological Assemblages: Soft Bottom Substrate. Report on the Subtidal Habitats and Associated Biological Taxa in San Francisco Bay. Santa Rosa Office: NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. 37. (accessed June 7, 2010).
175 Long-term Monitoring Program and Experiential Training for Students. Species. 2009. (accessed June 20, 2010).
176 Ricketts, E.F., J. Calvin and J.W. Hedgepeth. 1985. Between Pacific Tides, 5th ed. Stanford University Press. Stanford, CA: 422.
177 Office of Habitat Conservation. Sandy bottom.
178 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN). Estuaries. February 21, 2008. (accessed April 16, 2009).
179 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. CHPP—Soft Bottom Habitat. n.d. (accessed April 13, 2009).

180 Ricketts, E.F., J. Calvin and J.W. Hedgepeth. Between Pacific Tides, 5th ed. 7, 434.

181 Vadas, R.L. 1972. Ecological implications of culture studies on Nereocystis luetkeana. Journal of Phycology 8:196-203.
182 Springer, Y., C. Hays, M. Carr and M. Mackey. 2007. Ecology and Management of the Bull Kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana: A Synthesis with Recommendations for Future Research. The Lenfest Ocean Program. (accessed June 7, 2010).
183 Dayton, Paul K. 1973. Dispersion, Dispersal, and Persistence of the Annual Intertidal Alga, Postelsia Palmaeformis Ruprecht. Ecology 54(2): 433-8; Paine, R.T. 1979. Disaster, catastrophe, and local persistance of the sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis. Science 205(4407): 685-687.
184 Andrews, H.L. 1925. Animals Living on Kelp. Puget Sound Marine Station Publications 5:25-27.
185 Nicholson, N.L. 1970. Field studies on the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. Journal of Phycology 6:177-182.
186 Breen, P.A., D.C. Miller and B.B. Adkins. 1976. An examination of Harvested Sea Urchin Populations in the Tofino Area. Fisheries Research Bd of Canada. 23.
187 Springer, Hays, Carr, Mackey. Ecology and Management of the Bull Kelp.
188 Bodkin, J.L. 1986. Fish Assemblages in Macrocystis and Nereocystis Kelp Forests of Central California. Fish Bulletin 84:799-808.
189 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email, June 14.
190 DeMartini, John. Interview. May 6.

191 DFG, Marine Region. Annual Status of the Fisheries Report Through 2003. 2-5. (accessed May 29, 2010).
192 ICES/CIEM. Seamounts: Hotspots of Marine Life. 2009. (accessed April 23, 2009).
193 Lorenz, Charlie. 2010. Interviewed by Marc Shargel. Electronic Recording. April 21. Mendocino, CA. Charlie Lorenz is working on a long-term project to map the pinnacles on this part of the coast.

194 Advameg, Inc. Science Clarified: Continental Margin. 2007. (accessed April 16, 2009).
195 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN). Monterey Bay Sanctuary: Submarine Canyons. February 21, 2008. (accessed April 8, 2009).
196 Ibid.
197 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Welcome to Cruise into the Classroom. 2010. (accessed June 10, 2010).
198 Ibid.
199 Ibid.
194 Advameg, Inc. Science Clarified: Continental Margin. 2007. (accessed April 16, 2009).
195 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN). Monterey Bay Sanctuary: Submarine Canyons. February 21, 2008. (accessed April 8, 2009).
196 Ibid.
197 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Welcome to Cruise into the Classroom. 2010. (accessed June 10, 2010).
198 Ibid.
199 Ibid.

200 California Natural Resources Agency. California’s Coastal Wetlands. n.d. (accessed June 27, 2009); Carlisle, Aaron. 2004. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Movement and Habitat Utilization of Adult and Juvenile Leopard Sharks in Elkhorn Slough, California. Moss Landing Marine Lab. January 28. (accessed June 27, 2009).
201 Ibid.
202 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN). Estuaries. February 21, 2008. (accessed April 16, 2009).
203 Thompson, Janet, Kathryn Hieb, Katie McGourty, Natalie Cosentino-Manning, Susan Wainwright-De La Cruz, Meredith Elliot and Sarah Allen, Report on the Subtidal Habitats, 37.
204 Friends of the Arcata Marsh. Homepage. n.d. (accessed June 10, 2010).
205 Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands and Nature. January 12, 2009. (accessed April 16, 2009).
206 California Natural Resources Agency. California’s Coastal Wetlands. n.d. (accessed June 27, 2009); Carlisle, Aaron. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Movement.
207 NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education. Why are Estuaries Important? The Economy and the Environment. March 25, 2008. (accessed April 8, 2009).
208 Sanctuary Integrated Monitoring Network (SIMoN). Estuaries. February 21, 2008. (accessed April 16, 2009)
209 Ibid.
210 NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education. Estuaries. September 25, 2008. (accessed April 8, 2009).
211 NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education. Why are Estuaries Important?
212 Ibid.
213 Ibid.
214 Kayak Zak’s. What Happens when our Lagoons Breach? May 29, 2010. (accessed June 7, 2010); Harris, Jay. 2010. Phone conversation. June 9. Senior Environmental Scientist: California State Parks, North Coast Redwood District.
215 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email June 10.
216 Harris, Jay. 2010. Phone. June 9. Senior Environmental Scientist: California State Parks, North Coast Redwood District.
217 LeValley, Ron. 2010. Email, June 14.
218 Harris, Jay. 2010. Phone. June 9. Senior Environmental Scientist: California State Parks, North Coast Redwood District; LeValley, Dr. Ron. 2010. Email. May.
219 Wilson, Emily. 2010. Humboldt State University Marine Biology Masters Candidate. She has observed groups of river otters, presumably families, in Big Lagoon.

220 Many Southern California species have begun to rebound within reserves established in 2002. Airamé, S. and J. Ugoretz, eds. 2008. Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas: First 5 Years of Monitoring: 2003-2008, 3. (accessed June 15, 2009); About twenty years after fishing for black sea bass was made illegal, divers began to see them again. A mating aggregation was videotaped in August, 2006.
221 NCEAS. 2001. Scientific Consensus; Compass. 2005. Scientific Consensus. 5. See note 168.
222 PISCO. Science of Marine Reserves. 4. See note 99.
223 Ibid.
224 Lea, McAllister and VenTresca. 1999. Fish Bulletin 177. DFG: 39. (accessed June 29, 2010).
225 PISCO. Science of Marine Reserves. 5.
226 Worm, Boris, et al. 2009. Rebuilding Global Fisheries. Science 325(5940), 578-585.
227 Coined by early parks advocate Dr. J. Horace McFarland. Used in the title of a popular 2009 documentary series by Ken Burns.